Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program was established in 1972 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, then the President of Pakistan. India’s 1974 testing of a nuclear “device” and hostile statements by the Indian leadership, gave Pakistan’s nuclear program a new momentum. Through the late 1970s, Pakistan’s program acquired sensitive uranium enrichment…
As an initiative of Chinese concept of Belt & Road ( B&R) to improve global linkages and trade,China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) , the only bi lateral initiative of B&R was announced in 2013.CPEC is primarily a regional framework of connectivity as part of the BRI which is…
At the time of independence in 1947, Pakistan inherited roughly 33% man power assets of the British Indian Armed Forces and scant provision of arms and equipment . Confronted by a hostile Eastern neighbor in India, it was imperative for the State-to build a strong armed forces to…
Kashmir, also termed as the, ‘Heaven on Earth’, is an 85,806 square – miles valley between the snowcapped Himalaya and Karakoram Mountain ranges. The Kashmir conflict is the oldest, unresolved international conflict and is both a territorial and ideological issue between India and Pakistan with China playing a…
PART-1 The Pakistan Movement, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a barrister from Karachi ,was a political movement in the 1940s that aimed for the creation of a separate homeland for the Muslims of Indian subcontinent .This struggle was based on the ideology of ‘two nations theory’, which asserted…
Like other thorny files in the country, the file of free lecturers in Iraq is a dilemma produced by successive governments since 2003, as the problem emerged as a result of the patchwork solutions adopted by the official authorities, which do not address the deficiencies, but rather seek…
The year 2021 passed on Iraq like it was from the lean years that the country lived through for decades, and the country witnessed during this year many important events, perhaps the most prominent of which was the holding of the early legislative elections that the Al-Kazemi government…
Drugs in Iraq between the past and the present It is no secret to the reader that drugs are the scourge of the age at the present time, and there is hardly a country in the world that this scourge has not reached, but the matter…
Demographic change in the modern history of Iraq (the Faili Kurds) Faili Kurds are one of the components of the Iraqi fabric and among the most oppressed since the establishment of the Iraqi state to 2003 and even after 2003, and they were not treated fairly compared to…